银川旅游景点介绍：水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（四）
2017-07-28
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水洞沟导游讲解词中英文混合版！（四）
编号030藏兵洞简介
Number 030 Brief Introduction to the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave
所谓藏兵洞，是红山堡守军由地上转入地下，隐蔽军队，保护自己，伺机出击，或在空旷处设伏兵的地道。长城、城堡、深沟、峡谷和藏兵洞共同构成了全国是唯一保存最为完整的古代立体军事防御体系。现在展现在大家眼前的藏兵洞是我国最早的地道战遗址和原型。如果说抗战时期，八路军和游击队的地道战能让敌人胆战心惊，闻风丧胆，那么我们可以想象500多年前明代的边塞守军也是以同样的智慧和勇敢将侵略者挡在了长城之外。
The hiding cave actually indicates the move of defending troops at Hongshan Fort transferring from overground defence to underground defence. It was used to hide the troop and protect the effective strength awaiting for chance to attack the enemies or served as tunnel to place troops in ambush in open area. The Great Wall, tower, deep ditch, gorge and hiding cave have constituted the only well-preserved ancient three-dimensional military defense system all over the country. The ancient troop-hiding cave in front of us is the site and prototype of the earliest tunnel warfare in our country. If the tunnel warfare initiated by the Eighth Rout Army and guerrilla forces made the enemies terror-stricken and tremble with fear during the War of Resistance against Japan, we can also imagine that the defending troops at the frontier fortress of Ming Dynasty had kept the invaders outside the Great Wall with the same wisdom and courage 500 years ago.
编号031坑道
Number 031 Underground Tunnel
大家正在通过的就是藏兵洞的主体构成部分——坑道，坑道是战时用于军队调运、通行、出击或进入洞内的通道，平时可作为兵士的休息住所。
What we are passing through is the major part of Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave—underground tunnel. It is used for army mobilization, passage, attack or entry to the cave in wartime. In peacetime, it serves as the shelter for soldiers.
编号032 休息室和储藏室
Number 032 Common Room and Storeroom
坑道的左右两侧辟有土屋，土屋大小不同，其作用也不尽相同，有些入深较浅，是为站岗的岗位。有些用作休息室或作值班之用，还有一些便是储藏物资的场所了。
Mud huts are located on both sides of the underground tunnel. The function of the hut varies depending on its size. Some shallow ones are for stand guard. Some are used as common room or duty room wihle others are used for storing goods and materials.
编号033陷阱
Number 033 Trap
一号陷阱，深约一丈，原先在陷阱里面会倒置一些鹿角和竹签，上面覆以柴草以及浮土，藏兵洞光线昏暗，加之敌人对于洞内环境不熟悉，很容易掉入陷阱，一旦落入，非死即伤，至今里面还遗留着敌人的尸骨。
The depth of the trap No. 1 is around 3.3 meters. Originally, antlers or sharp-pointed bamboo sticks would be placed in the trap covered by firewood and loose dust. Since it’s dim inside the cave and the enemies are not familiar with the conditions, they would easily fall into the trap, whether being injured or killed. So far, there are still some skeletons of the enemies left inside.
编号034炮台
Number 034 Fort Barbette
这是目前为止发现的藏兵洞里唯一的一个炮台，窗口边驾着一口土炮是从西班牙进口的弗朗机，它也是藏兵洞内最高级的武器，炮台的发现，说明当时已不是单纯的冷兵器时代，只是热兵器使用并不广泛，否则明代修筑长城就有没多大意义了。而且，我们留意到这口大炮面对着大峡谷，一炮轰过去整个崖壁就会坍塌，对自己的安全也会产生威胁，因此这口炮一般情况下是不会使用的，只有在万不得已的时候才会用到。
This is the only fort barbette found so far in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. The one seated next to the window is a cannon imported from Spain. It is also the most advanced weapon found in the cave. The discovery of the fort barbette implies that even if the fired weapons are not widely used, it is no longer a cold weapon dominated era, otherwise it would not make much sense for the Ming Dynasty to continue building the Great Wall. Moreover, we notice that the cannon faces the gorge. A single fire could have triggered the collapse of the whole cliff, which would endanger the defending troops as well. Therefore, the cannon would not be used except under extremely critical situation.
编号035瞭望台
Number 035 Observation Tower
您到达的是瞭望台，在瞭望台上我们可以看到对面崖壁上有很多的小洞，不是天然形成的，而是人为的，那些就是对面藏兵洞的通风透气口。藏兵洞全部在地下，通风口便成为非常重要的一个组成部分。瞭望台不仅有助于发现敌情，也可以和对面藏兵洞的士兵发送信号，以便选择在恰当的时候将过往的敌人伏击在峡谷之中。另外，为避免引起敌人怀疑，他们会在瞭望台或洞口处种植一些叶子很浓密的植物，加强它的隐蔽性，从洞里面可以看到峡谷的情况，但是从峡谷当中是很难发现这里有伏击之所的。
Here you have come to the observation tower. Standing on the tower, we can see many small holes in the cliff facing us. The holes are not natural but man-made ones serving as ventilation function for the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. Since the cave is excavated underground, ventilation holes have become a critical part. The use of observation tower not only makes it easier to find the enemy’s situation but also serves as a way to send signals to the soldiers stationed in the hiding cave on the opposite side so that they could ambush the enemies passing through the gorge at a proper time. In addition, to be better covered and avoid being suspected by the enemies, they would grow some plants with dense leaves at the observation tower or at the entrance of the cave. The situation of the gorge could be caught in the cave while it’s quite difficult to find the ambush spot.
编号036 将军洞
Number 036 The General’s Cave
将军洞处于藏兵洞中心位置，由客厅和卧室两个部分组成，相对较为高级，这是是古代等级制度的体现。在将军洞里最玄妙的地方是墙壁上的这个储物柜，上层的柜子仅做储物之用，下面的这个柜子却另有玄机，您不妨打开看一看，打这里出现两道门，第二道门后有一个高约五十公分的小洞，这是一个暗道，由于藏兵洞内道路四通八达，一旦有敌人闯进洞内，无论将领还是士兵都可以从暗道转移到安全的地方，从其他地方围攻敌人。在明代，将军等级以头盔来划分，在金银铜铁四个等级中，这个头盔等级并不高，但藏兵洞占有一夫当关、万夫莫开的地理优势，因此设一般等级足以。
The general’s cave is located in the center and is composed of a living room and a bedroom. It is a relatively senior setup which reflects the ancient hierarchy system. The most mysterious part in the cave is the cabinet in the wall. The chest on top is only used for storage while the chest at the bottom is used for otherwise. If you open it and have a look, you will see two doors. There is a small hole with a height of 50 centimeters behind the second door. It’s a postern. Since the roads in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave extend in all directions, the defending troop, whether being a general or soldiers could transfer to a safe place through the postern and attack the enemies breaking into the cave. In Ming Dynasty, generals are ranked by the helmets they wear. The rank of this helmet is not high among the four ranks judged from the material of the helmets, whether being gold, silver, copper or iron. However, with the geographical advantage of being a pass that one man can hold out ten thousand, a general with ordinary rank is sufficient enough for the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave.
编号037议事厅
Number 037 Meeting Room
眼前这个宽敞的位置是一个餐厅，也是临时的议事厅，一举两得，减少了占用空间，这里可以看到一个灶台，这口大铁锅就是五百年前明代遗留下来的，从锅的大小来看，这里应该主要是供高级将领吃饭的地方，因为驻守此地的常备军为251名，这口锅肯定不够二百多人吃饭。在这个灶台上方还有一个巧妙的设置，有三个出烟口，三个出烟口有什么好处呢，一方面可以分散烟的浓度，防止被地面上的敌人发现，另一方面不管外面风向什么样，总有一个出烟口可以排烟，防止烟刮到洞内熏到他们自己人。
The commodious place in front of us is a dining room as well as a temporary meeting room intended to save space, which kills two birds with one stone. Here, we can see a cooking bench. This iron cauldron is handed down from Ming Dynasty dating back to 500 years ago. Judging from the size of the cauldron, this should be a dining room that mainly serves for high-ranking military officers, because this cauldron cannot offer enough food for the 251 standing army stationed here. There is an ingenious design above the cooking bench with three smoke chimneys. What are the benefits for such design? On the one hand, it disperses the smoke vented in order to avoid being discovered by enemies on the ground. On the other hand, at least one chimney works regardless of the wind direction so that the smoke won’t be blown back into the cave and poison or suffocate people on their own side.
编号038地下二层兵器库
Number 038 Armory on the Second Floor Underground
我们现在可以看到地上有很多散落的兵器，为什么前面陷阱里面的尸骨没有进行清理，兵器库也是散乱不堪，这可能由于不可查证的原因，整个藏兵洞遭到了破坏和填埋，也可能是明代衰落时期，很多人死于这种朝代变迁的战乱当中，最里面可以看到有一个戴着头盔的头骨就是有一位明代的普通士兵命丧黄泉了，而且还不是全尸，他的身体并没有找到，当时北方很多少数军民合一，论功行赏是以取敌人首级多少来界定的，这名明代普通士兵被杀之后，他的头颅被砍下带走，但是敌人到了兵器库后，不知处于什么原因，丢下了这颗会带给他荣誉的头颅，战争的残忍不言而喻，真心希望世界没有战争，没有杀戮，永远和平。
We can see many weapons scattered on the ground. Why the skeletons in the trap we saw previous are not cleaned and the armory here is also a mess? Because it’s impossible to carry out the investigation and verification, one possibility is that the Ancient Troop-Hiding cave was once destroyed or backfilled. It was also possible that many people died in the chaos caused by war during the dynastic transitions. We can see a skull wearing helmet was left in the innermost. It’s a dead private soldier from Ming Dynasty. With the rest of the body missing, it is actually not a full body. By then, many minority civilians or soldiers from the north are involved in the war. With the principle of awarding people according to their contributions, the number of chopped-off heads defines the level of contribution. When the private soldier from Ming Dynasty was killed, his head was chopped off and taken away. However, the enemy somehow left the skull that would bring him honor in the armory. War speaks for itself the brutality. We sincerely hope there would be no more war and killing in the world. May peace be kept forever.
编号039水井
Number 039 Water Well
这口水井是他们在洞内的主要水源，由于宁夏地下水位比较深，因此，只有把井修到下面这层才有水，在洞穴的上方我们还可以看到一圈红色水垢，推测可能是敌人曾经从洞外灌水所致。
This water well is their major source of water in the cave. Since the underground water level in Ningxia is deep, water could be only available when the well is built on this layer. We can also see a ring of red incrustation on the ceiling of the cave. Speculation is that it might be generated when the enemies once filled the cave with water from outside.
旁边看到的这样未清理的洞道，在洞内其他地方也有发现，藏兵洞内很多地方还有待于进一步清理，
The tunnels we see on the side are not yet cleared up. Other similar tunnels are found in other parts of the cave. There are actually many places yet to be cleared up in the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave.
编号040 火药库
Number 040 Powder-Magazine
火药库的发现，再一次说明热兵器在明代的使用，这些火药都是当时遗留下来的，由于年代太久，现在都已失效，另外，由于配料的关系，明代火药的杀伤力并没有现代火药爆发力强。
The discovery of powder magazine again accounts for the use of fired weapons in Ming Dynasty. The gunpowder is the leftover at that time. It has ceased to be effective after being left here for many ages. Moreover, due to the difference in ingredients, gunpowder made in Ming Dynasty is not as destructive as that made in modern times.
编号041哨岗
Number 041 Sentry Post
这里设置四个哨岗，说明这个位置比较重要，因为我们即将到达的是指挥中心。另外眼前的这个小型瞭望口直对对面一个洞口，便于互发信号，提高警惕性。另外这些岗位上的土台子也证明占到这里的士兵守卫的时间比较长，特别辛苦，将领
The four sentry posts set up here signify the importance of the location since we are reaching the command center. Moreover, the small watch hold in front of us faces right to a hole on the opposite side for ease of mutual signaling and more vigilance. Meanwhile, the earth platform on the posts also prove that soldiers would be guarding here for a long time and be quite laborious.
042粮仓
Number 042 Granary
在这个洞穴中，清理出一些粮食，但它的面积很小，这说明藏兵洞不是一个永久驻兵的地方，和地道战一样，这些士兵的日常生活以地面为主，在紧急状态下才会进入洞内打伏击，藏兵只是一种以退为进的战略手段。
Grains are found in a very small area in this cave, which implies that the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave is not a permanent troop station. Like the tunnel warfare, these soldiers mainly stay overground for daily life. They would only enter the cave for ambush under emergency condition. Troop-hiding is a strategic means of making concessions in order to gain advantages.
043会议厅
Number 043 Conference Hall
这里是藏兵洞的指挥中心--会议厅。会议大厅主要用于聚众开会商议军机，研究、布置军事行动，进行作战部署的地方。藏兵洞虽然修建于明代，但在清代时它仍然在延用。
This is the conference hall－command center of the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave. The conference hall is mainly for the military officers to gather and discuss the military plans, study and arrange military operation and operational preparations. Even though the Ancient Troop-Hiding Cave was built in Ming Dynasty, it was still in use in Qing Dynasty.
编号044防御洞道
Number 044 Defense Tunnel
现在您参观的这部分属于一个完整的防御洞道，在这里的墙壁上没有放置油灯的小洞，说明在明代，他们自己人一般不进入，只为诱导敌人进入，以便为自己节省人力。
What you are visiting now is a complete defense tunnel. There are no small holes available to place the oil lamp in the wall, which means in Ming Dynasty, the defending troop generally would not enter the tunnel. It is only used to induce the enemies to enter so that they would save some manpower.
编号045大型陷阱
Number 045 Large Trap
在这个大型陷阱中，您可以看到很多暗器，当时他们用削尖的竹子置于陷阱底部，竹子的韧性很强，杀伤力很强。
As you can see, there are many hidden weapons in this large trap. At that time, they would put sharp-pointed bamboos at the bottom of the trap. The toughness of bamboo is quite incredible, which makes it extremely destructive.
凹凸阵的以及眼下的木头都是一些为减缓敌人进攻速度所设置的障碍物。
The concave-convex battlefields and the logs are purposely made barriers to retard the attack from the enemies.
编号046生死门
Number 046 Doors between Life and Death
生死门，顾名思义，即有生有死，左边生路，就是一个简单的过道，右边死门，因为这里会设置暗器和机关，走的时候可以留意脚下，这些机关启动以后会有箭头射出，进入此路可谓九死一生。另外当敌人进入生死门的通道，明代士兵会从侧洞中出来将两扇门关闭，使得敌人困于门内。
Doors between life and death, just as its name implies, they are choices for life or death. On the left side is the way out, a simple aisle. The door on the right leads to death, because hidden weapons and tricks are installed here. One has to watch the steps carefully because once any tricks are triggered, arrows would be shot. It’s a near escape for anyone who takes this way. Moreover, if the enemies enter the passageway of the “doors between life and death”, soldiers from Ming Dynasty could come along from side holes and shut both doors so that enemies would be trapped inside.
编号047 软绳阵
Number 047 Soft Rope Tactics
软绳阵的设置事实上没有太大杀伤力，可是经过前面几道鬼门关，这里可以打心理战，即使看见暗器如何设置，也不敢贸然前进。
The setup of soft rope tactics is actually not that destructive. However, after going through the previous gates of hell, psychological warfare is initiated here. Even if the enemies see how the hidden weapons are installed, they dare not advance without careful consideration.
编号048翻版
Number 048 Trap Board
木板铺起来的地方仍然是一个陷阱——翻板，中间有轴控制，踩动木板任意一头，木板就会翻过来，敌人便落入陷阱，深3米，也有削尖的竹子作暗器，掉下去必死无疑。
The place covered by wooden board is another trap－the Trap Board. A roller is installed in the middle of the board for control. The board would be turned over when any side is stepped on. The enemy would fall into a trap as deep as 3 meters, with sharp-pointed bamboos installed as hidden weapons. Anyone who falls into the trap would certainly get killed.
编号049 滚木
Number 049 Rolling Log
这个大木桶便是滚木，一般和石块一同使用，正所谓滚木雷石。可以用在大峡谷的上面攻击敌人。
The big log is the rolling log which is usually used together with stones. This is what they call “rolling logs and thunderstones” . They could be used to attack the enemies from the top of the gorge.
编号050把总署
Number 050 Ba Zong’s Office
把总，是明代的一个官职，是守卫一个堡寨的军事长官，相当于现在的一个营长。在红山堡，明代驻军251名，由驻堡的把总统领。
“Ba Zong” was a government position in Ming Dynasty. It was the military officer guarding a fort. This position is equivalent to a current battalion commender. There were 251 soldiers stationed in Hongshan Fort in the Ming Dynasty and were led by the Ba Zong quartered in the fort.
这处把总署，是2007年由宁夏考古研究所发掘清理红山堡时发现的。当时把总署的地基埋在废墟中，清理这块地方时，发现大量明代砖瓦及建筑构件堆积，并且发现了尚保存完好的地基。根据地基分布情况，又根据地基周围砖瓦及建筑构件的堆积情况，专家们恢复了当时这组建筑的形制，并根据文献记载知道了这组建筑是明代红山堡把总署，2008年，我们根据专家的研究成果，恢复重建了明代把总署，并将其开辟为“宁夏长城博物馆”。
This Ba Zong’s office was discovered in 2007 by Ningxia Archaeological Research Institute when excavating and clearing up Hongshan fort. The foundation of the office was then buried in ruins. Archaeologists discovered large amount of tiles and building components from Ming Dynasty, as well as the well preserved foundation. Experts restored the shape and structure of the buildings according to the distribution of foundation and the piled tiles and building components, and they got to know from documentary records that this building was the Ba Zong’s office for Hongshan fort of Ming Dynasty. In 2008, we restored and rebuilt it, and developed it as “The Great Wall Museum in Ningxia ” according to the research findings by the experts.
编号051砖枕（位于长城博物馆一号展厅）
Number 051 Brick Pillow (Located in Exhibition Hall No.1 at Great Wall Museum in Ningxia)
在战乱年代用的很多，固体传声快，士兵枕着它休息，有敌骑过来，远远的就可以听到，利于提高警惕性，这个和我们通常说的“枕戈待旦”是一个道理。
It is widely used in the era of wars because the solid material spreads sound quicker. With heads rested on the brick pillow, soldiers can hear the enemy cavalry horses approaching from afar, which helps increase their vigilance. This is similar to what we usually say “make a pillow of one's spear waiting for daybreak”.
编号052鸱吻（位于长城博物馆一号展厅）
Number 052 Chiwen--Ornament on Roof Ridge(Located in Exhibition Hall No.1 at Great Wall Museum in Ningxia)
龙生九子各不同，这个便是龙王最小子，它是雨神，西北地区比较干燥，因此一般会将鸱吻装饰在房脊上面，有消灾灭火求雨的寓意。
The dragon has nine sons with huge differences. Chiwen is the God of Rain, the youngest son of the dragon king. It is usually dry in the northwest area of China, the image of Chiwen is thus placed on top of the roof ridge as ornament. It has an implied meaning of removing ill fortune, suppressing fire and praying for rain.
编号053瓦当
Number 053 Eaves Tile
瓦当在中国古代建筑中非常常见，形似如意，有辟邪的寓意，另外瓦当除了排水之外，由于中国古代很多建筑都是木结构，瓦当的前面这部分有保护木椽椽头的作用，可以延长房屋寿命。
Eaves tile is very commonly seen in ancient Chinese architecture. As its shape is similar to ruyi (an S-shaped ornamental object symbolizing good luck), it has an implied meaning of exorcising evil spirits. Moreover, aside from the function of drainage, eaves tile also serves as protection to the head of wood rafter since many ancient Chinese architectures are made of wood, in which way the service life of the building is extended.
编号054砖雕
Number054 Brick Carving
古人对于房屋装饰格外讲究，兰花和仙鹤较为多见，兰花是君子的象征，寓意清高廉洁；鹤发童颜，鹤常指长寿吉祥。
The ancient people devote particular care to the decorations of the building. Orchid and red-crowned crane are relatively popular. Orchid symbolizes a man of noble character and implies pureness and integrity. Red-crowned crane usually implies longevity, good luck and the state of being healthy in old age.
编号055红山堡
Number055 Hongshan Fort
它是明长城防御体系中的一个城障，始建于明弘治十六年(1503年)，距今已有500多年。是按照明代长城沿线60里一城，30里一堡的防御体制设置的。
Built in the 16th year of Hongzhi emperor’s regime (in 1503), it was one of the forts forming the Great Wall defence system. It has got a history of more than 500 years. It was set up according to the defence system of the Ming Dynasty, that is, cities to be built at every 30km and forts to be built at every 15 km along the Great Wall.
最初设置红山堡等城障时，主要有两个目的；一是加强长城线上的防守；二是“防秋”。所谓“防秋”古已有之，到了明代，鞑靼、瓦剌贵族仍然遵循突厥等游牧贵族的古例，就是往往于秋天马肥草盛之际，大举兴兵南侵，这时农耕还正值秋收季节。为此，从隋唐至明，每到这时就要调集大军戍边，以保护百姓秋收，因称之为“防秋”。但在客观上，其作用并不仅如此。如自嘉靖十年(1531年)，王琼筑“头道边”，实施“深沟高垒”后，使长城内的“宁盐大道”和陕北有屏障保护的交通大道相衔接，从而成为商运往来的“黄金商道”。另一方面，又在横山至清水营各城障设立驿站，是宁夏镇军事供应及军机文书传递、官员往来的必经之道，这就和“宁盐大道”共同构成了在军事保护下的两大主要交通线。另一重要作用，就是长城内外各族人民出入清水营“马市”及“牛羊小市”进行商品交易和商贸往来，红山堡是重要通道之一。
At the very beginning, barriers like Hongshan Fort were built for two purposes: one is to enhance the defence along the Great Wall frontier and the other is for “Autumn Defence”. “Autumn Defence” had been in existence since ancient times. When it came to the Ming Dynasty, the Tartar, Wala nobles still followed the ancient practice initiated by nobles of nomadic people like Tujue etc. They sent an army on a large scale to invade the south in autumn when horses are strong and forage grass is sufficient then. However, people in the south are still in the middle of autumn harvest. Therefore, dynasties from Tang to Ming would mobilize its army to garrison the frontier by then and prevent the civilians being attached. This is what we call “Autumn Defence”. But objectively speaking, its function is way beyond those mentioned. Since the 10th year of Jiajing emperor’s regime (in 1531), Wang Qiong (a military figure in Ming Dynasty)came up with the implementation plan of “deep trench and high barrier wall” and built the “major barrier wall”. After that, the “Ning Yan Road ”(running from Yinchuan City to Yanchi County today) was linked up with the barrier-protected transportation road in north of Shannxi and the“Golden Trade Road” for trade transportation back and forth was thus formed. On the other hand, courier stations were set up at all forts from Hengshan to Qingshuiying. It was the only access for military supplies, transmission of military plans and contacts of government officials for Ningxia Town. Together with the “Ning Yan Road”, it formed the two major traffic lines under military protection. Another important function is for people of all ethnic groups from both inside and outside of the Great Wall, to conduct commodity transaction and business trade in “horse trade marketplace” and “cow and sheep trade market” located in Qingshuiying. Hongshan fort is one of the important passageways.
编号056瓮城
Number 056 Urn-Shape Auxiliary Entrance
鸟瞰红山堡，整体像一只乌龟，红山堡是乌龟的身体，瓮城是乌龟的头部。平时红山堡正门紧闭，瓮城城门虚掩，在战事发生时才会关闭瓮城城门，把进入瓮城的敌人射杀在瓮城城内，因此有“瓮中捉鳖”之说。
If you get a bird’s eye view of Hongshan Fort, you will find it looks like a turtle in general: Hongshan fort is the body of the turtle while the urn-shape auxiliary entrance is the head of the turtle. In peacetime, the main entrance of Hongshan fort is locked while the gate of the urn-shape auxiliary entrance is left half open. It will only be closed in the time of war in an attempt to kill the enemies inside the auxiliary entrance area. Therefore, a saying goes “catch a turtle in a jar”.
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